Environmental Education Essay - 2084 Words

Environmental Education When forming a curriculum, teachers need to determine three types of objectives- fact, skill, and appreciation for something. The â€Å"appreciation for† objective is the one that an environmental class stresses. Environmental courses emphasize the importance of conserving the Earth by creating environmental responsibility, evokes morals. In conservation, we have to decide what is important and certain actions we want to take to preserve what we feel is important. That’s why it is crucial for teachers to decide what is necessary to include in an environmental curriculum to create sensitivity and teach ethical problems. Teachers need to teach the three viewpoints that one could take on the environment. Once these†¦show more content†¦This machine excludes anything with intrinsic value or something that has value in and of itself—versus the idea of instrumental value, which is anything, aside from humans, that is a means to an end or a tool for something else. In this view, humans are the only ones with intrinsic value. Knowledge, in this viewpoint, is to predict and control nature (Factor). â€Å"A result of this attitude is that any species that are of potential use to humans can be a ‘resource’ to be exploited†¦The view that humans have greater intrinsic value than other species also influences ethical judgments about interactions with other organisms. These ethics are often used to legitimize treating other species in ways that would be considered morally unacceptable if humans were similarly treated†¦Another implication of the anthropocentric view is the belief that humans rank at the acme of the natural evolutionary progression of species and of life† (Anthropocentrism). Teachers need to provide logic, examples, and connections for students to grasp a concept. Teachers would need to explain that it is logical, that everything is comprised of parts, and that the machine is running for us. After all, we breathe the air, we’re at the top of the food chain, we have the power to destroy, and we have language. No other being on Earth compares to us; so everything on Earth is meant for us. A teacher would provide an example such as the idea of biodiversity. We need biodiversity because we have notShow MoreRelatedThe Role Of Environmental Education In Iran716 Words   |  3 PagesThe third phase of environmental education in Iran was from the years 1997-2005. This phase is also called Reformation Period and was marked by â€Å"sustainable development principle[s] [being] integrated with development policy,† (Shobeiri et al., 2014). The DOE was also reformed in 1998 to include the Division of Planning and Education. In 1996, Article 46 of the E xecutive Regulations of the Environmental Protected Law passed, and would â€Å"[offer] a National [award] [to] recognize[e] scientific and culturalRead MorePublic Environmental Awareness and Education1615 Words   |  7 PagesPublic Environmental Awareness and Education Action can be taken in a variety of areas to increase environmental awareness and education. Some of these categories are: environmental legal rights and responsibilities and associated consequences, use of the media, awareness raising campaigns, incorporation of environmental issues in mainstream education, increasing awareness and education in target groups and encouragement of public participation in environmental matters. As the following case studiesRead MoreEnvironmental Education At The School844 Words   |  4 Pagestaught. I would go to the school Mondays, Wednesdays, and Fridays each week from 12:00pm until 3:00pm. On Mondays, I would go to two Kindergarten classrooms, Mrs. Markons and Mrs. Rolfes. In both classes, I helped with environmental education. Somedays there was an Environmental Educator that would lead the class interactions and on other days it was up to the teacher and I to lead the class interactions. Most days, if the weather was accommodating, the class would go out to the school forest toRead MoreStatement Of Environmental Education766 Words   |  4 Pagesmy undergraduate work when I had to student teach, my plans were to continue on to graduate school for environmental science. I loved courses like limnology and ecotoxicology! I was hoping to eventually secure a job with the Tennessee Valley Authority and spend my days on the Tennessee River or its tributaries enjoying everything God had made in that area of the country. So I wrote â€Å"environmental scientist† on the white board, thinking about how different my actual job-story is. After student teachingRead MoreHis tory Of Environmental Education As Infused Through Science Education1135 Words   |  5 Pages2.5 HISTORY OF ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION AS INFUSED IN SCIENCE EDUCATION According to NCF 2005†The present status of Environmental Education (EE) in schools had its genesis in the National Policy of Education (NPE) 1986 (modified in 1992), in which Protection of the Environment is stated as a common core around which a National Curriculum Framework (NCF) would be woven. The National Policy on Education 1986 emphasized the need to create awareness of environmental concerns by integrating it in theRead MoreThe Effects Of Environmental Education On The Environment1224 Words   |  5 Pagesendangered indicator species: the child in nature† (Louv, 2008). Environmental education is a multidisciplinary field of study and processes that everyone is able to â€Å"explore environmental issues, engage in problem solving, and take action to improve the environment† (â€Å"What is Environmental Education?† n.d). Education is vital to the awareness, understanding, attitudes and participation of the environment. People in the environmental education field all have a unifying purpose of engaging people and teachingRead More Education and Awareness Will Promote Environmental Justice Essay example1498 Words   |  6 PagesEducation and Awareness Will Promote Environmental Justice The goals of this environmental justice conference are stated simply: firstly, to explore whether racial minorities and the poor are being environmentally victimized, and secondly, to evaluate public policies that promote environmental fairness. Each speaker provided insight and information from their respective area of expertise. Led by keynote speaker Dr. Bunyan Bryant, they drew upon the realms of academic investigation, governmentRead MoreQuestions On Environmental Education781 Words   |  4 Pagesof study. 2. Explain why you took this course and what you hope to learn from it. I took Environmental Science because the topic is integrated throughout my business studies. This has created a hunger for a deeper, foundational knowledge of the concepts in order to improve business and personal environmental decisions. I desire to teach others as well. 3. Please describe, in detail, some major environmental issues in your village/community/town/region or nation. 4. What are they? Three issues haveRead Moreâ€Å"Developing Environmental Education in the Primary and Secondary Schools Curricular in Kenya: a Proposed Strategy for Kenya Institute of Education.† by Otieno-Odundo Kenya Organization for Environmental Education (Koee)4063 Words   |  17 PagesABBREVIATIONS/ACRONYMS AFEW African Fund for Endangered Wildlife EE Environmental Education UN United Nations KIE Kenya Institute of Education KWS Kenya Wildlife Services WCK Wildlife Clubs of Kenya KOEE Kenya Organization for Environmental Education FEE Federation for Environmental Education NGO Non Governmental Education Table of contents Acknowledgement †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦2 Abbreviation/AcronymsRead MoreEnvironmental Education : Education For Sustainability Essay2009 Words   |  9 PagesEnvironmental Education today must be understood as education for sustainability. The flow information and knowledge caused by Environmental Education have the potential to build a new vision of the world capable of guiding actions towards sustainability. The history of environmental education can be searched back in the 18th century when Jean Jacques Rousseau stressed the importance of an education that focuses on the environment in Emile: or, On Education. There after several decades later, Louis

Frankenstein Literary Analysis The Creator And His Creation

Lucas Shelton Mr. Small English 12 3 March 2015 Frankenstein Literary Analysis: The Creator and his Creation â€Å"I ought to be thy Adam; but I am rather the fallen angel† (Shelley 87). In the popular novel Frankenstein, author Mary Shelley examines difficult questions regarding the creation of life and the shortcomings of mankind. The narrative is centered around a young scientist by the name of Victor Frankenstein, whose unrelenting pursuit of knowledge leads him into the most dangerous experiment of his life, the results of which would haunt him for years afterwards. There is no doubt that this novel seemingly correlates with the creation account of Adam in the book of Genesis, yet there are key similarities and differences which set them apart from one another. In Frankenstein, the author shifts from keen anticipation to unmistakable self-loathing thorough various allusions including the original creation of man, the desire for a mate, and the introduction of death to the world; proving that no mortals should attempt to take on the role of God becaus e they are imperfect beings and will ultimately fail. The first instance of man’s flaws in the novel is his inability to predict how or when certain events will occur. In the beginning, Victor and God had similar expectations as to how their creations would behave. Both believed that they would follow a certain moral code and obey a specific set of commands. Yet, the monster and Adam both came to the decision that they knewShow MoreRelatedBiblical Analysis Of Mary Shelley s Frankenstein 1376 Words   |  6 PagesLiterature 16 November 2015 Biblical Analysis: Frankenstein Frankenstein by Mary Shelley often refers to the bible on a number of occasions. However, it is worth noting that many references used by Mary Shelley in Frankenstein can often be identified in Genesis. Much like Genesis, the story of Frankenstein is a viable creation story. The book of Genesis first explains the creation of man and woman, and also recounts the fall of humanity. Unlike Genesis, Frankenstein begins with the fall of humanityRead MoreVictor Frankenstein Character Analysis Essay1645 Words   |  7 PagesMakhanlall ISU Reading Analysis Questions/Notes – Frankenstein by: Mary Shelley Character Analysis: Give your ideas about the main characters(s). Include what you like and dislike about the characters and why they deserve praise or criticism. Does the author intend for you to like/dislike them? How do you know? Victor Frankenstein: Victor Frankenstein, is the protagonist who describes his life to Robert Walton. In my opinion, Victor shows his ambition, logic and intelligence. His ambition is displayedRead MoreAnalysis Of The Poem Frankenstein And The Rime Of The Ancient Mariner 1131 Words   |  5 Pages2015 The Burden of Knowledge, An Analysis of Gothic Elements in Frankenstein and The Rime of The Ancient Mariner Henry Wadsworth once said: â€Å"Every man has his secret sorrows which the world knows not; and often times we call a man cold when he is only sad.† Such untold sorrows are what plague two very distinct characters in two very distinct works of literature. Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein tells of Victor Frankenstein’s torment as he is plagued by his creation; Samuel Coleridge’s The Rime of TheRead MoreFrankenstein1237 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿Literature: Frankenstein Essay Frankenstein is a gothic horror novel that was written by Mary Shelly and was published in 1818, when gothic aesthetic, romanticism and science were beginning to spike in western culture. The novel follows the story of Victor Frankenstein in creating a monster which causes destruction around him, as Victor had ambition and thirst to reveal the secrets of nature. The novel could be viewed as a warning to the readers and audience about having a greed for knowledgeRead MoreAnalysis Of Mary Shelley s Frankenstein And Caleb Williams 1168 Words   |  5 PagesIn A.D Harvey’s article â€Å"Frankenstein and Caleb Williams,† he explains that Mary Shelley’s famous work, Frankenstein; was not intended to be of any actual scientific evidence, but rather written just only with the intention of a gothic horror piece â€Å"we will each write a ghost story† (Frankenstein Author’s introduction vii). Harvey’s target is to reach out to the science community a nd to sway them to look past the mechanics of how Frankenstein’s monster is created and focus on other points of interestRead MoreFrankenstein Analysis Essay1252 Words   |  6 PagesKade Gilbert Mrs. Shelley Wisener ENGL 2321: Frankenstein Analysis Essay 2 October 2017 Mary Shelley’s Journal The human brain while complex, initiating every impulse that controls the body, can be simplified. Simple things such as memories, beliefs, or passions can define the decisions that a person makes. The impulses of humanity may cloud a person’s logic, while each person’s logic, in turn, may affect the impulses of humanity. Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein is overflowing with emotionally based decisionsRead MoreThemes Of Escape By Mary Shelley And Incarceron By Catherine Fisher1271 Words   |  6 Pagescontrol and captivity. Individuals, even with different backgrounds, have tried to escape this confinement in search of a better life. Even in literature, the concepts of escape is portrayed in many novels. Both Frankenstein by Mary Shelley and Incarceron by Catherine Fisher illustrate the literary and actual aspects of the act of escaping. Although both novels bear some minor differences in the concept of escape the similarities are very apparent. Escapes from the munda ne allow for greater insight intoRead MoreBildungsroman, Literary Genre870 Words   |  4 Pagesnormally refers to the character’s process as he learns from his experiences; these experiences shaping him to be the person he is at the end of the novel. Bildungsroman, a literary genre, comprises of this, where it is the term describing the process of the character’s psychological and moral growth in the story. Change in character is the most important characteristic of this genre. For the book in which this is being explored is Frankenstein. The story describes the lessons learnt by Victor and theRead MoreAnalysis Of Mary Shelley s Frankenstein 1948 Words   |  8 Pagesare many critical analyses to Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein. Two of these analyses bring forth varied interpretations. Sandra M. Gilbert and Susan Gubar wrote â€Å"Mary Shelley’s Monstrous Eve.† Anne K. Mellor wrote â€Å"Possessing Nature: The Female in Frankenstein.† Gilber t and Gubar argue that Mary Shelley wrote Frankenstein from the influence of her family in order to represent her personal life and life events. Mellor argues that the author wrote Frankenstein in order to represent many themes upon the subjectRead MoreEssay on Mary Shelleys Frankenstein and Structuralism1899 Words   |  8 PagesFrankenstein and Structuralism   Ã‚   Professor John Lye of Brock University, California describes literary theory as: a collection of related theoretical concepts and practices which are marked by a number of premises, although not all of the theoretical approaches share or agree on all of them.    The first segment of this essay aims to define the main views of structuralism, one of these theoretical approaches. Structuralism, in particular the work of Ferdinand de Saussure, created

Considered as One of the Leading Companies

Question: Discuss about the Considered as One of the Leading Companies. Answer: Introduction Land Rover is considered as one of the leading companies in the world that provide its customers unique and valuable automobile services all over the globe. Land Rover is a British car that first launched in 1950 in the city of Sri Lanka. In addition, this model car is mostly used by the British Painters for satisfying their off-roading stature. Recently the company has presented several car models, especially the Range Rover. The Range Rover comes under the list of luxury car models that is renowned in the market due to its strong status and agility (Mark, 2016). In this testimony, the detailed overview of the company profile, history, value and accommodation, brand value, brand positioning, marketing mix and target market are discussed. A brief History In 1948, the first model of Land Rover was materialized by the Rover Company in Sri-Lanka. The company named this model as Series I that is creatively engineered and designed for tremendous capacity and power. The Land Rover does not present its own creature until the late 1970s. Nowadays, the company carries Land Rover model with the collaboration of Jaguar that performs its activities under the title of TM (Tata Motors). Brand Value The primary objective of the company is to become the leading companies in the world by providing a creating, inspiring, adventure delivery services to the customers. This objective is shared by the Sri-Lankan agents, Frontier Automotive. On the other hand, in order to create the value in its products, the company associate its brand with those renowned brands that has the following specialities such as supremacy which is in satisfying the needs of customers, worldly adventurous as of its off-roading and handling services, and authenticity of providing the quality vehicles (PunjaisriBalmer, 2016). Customer Profile The discovery of a new model of Land Rover is considered a logical evolution of Land Rover, which is designed by the company for families. The company set the prices of these products by considering the affordability level of the consumers of United States. LR is a first-tier merchant that catering the higher income consumers. Thus, if we look at the nature of the target market then it is evaluated that the company target the narrow market segment. Moreover, they signify its target market as an active male that are belong to the high income classes. On the other hand, they target the age group of 34 to 54. They highlight these demographics in their all commercial videos (Tovey, 2016). Target Market SUV target market. The target market of the LR is divided in to two buyers categories. The first buyers are those that considered such motor vehicles that have some functional attributes and smart features. These are such potential buyers that are staring for traditional and smart luxury cars as well as safety attributes. Moreover, other buyers are those families that give value to the features and attributes of security. The category of second buyers involves affluent and young adults that seek those products that show the accomplishments and images of the owners (Wedel Kamakura, 2012). Marketing Segmentation Demographic Segmentation: The Company target the age group of 34 to 54 which include affluent and young adults that seek those products that signifies the accomplishments and images of the owners. Psucho-Graphic Segmentation: The company target the high income class that yearly earned approximately $100000 plus. Behavioral Segmentation: The Company offer their products to a brand loyal customer that wants to associate themselves with the brand name. The company offers transitional luxury cars. Land Rovers Communication Mix Marketing communication mix is a mix of strategies that the company uses for personal sellings, direct marketing, public relation and advertising. The implementation of the communication mix is difficult task for the companies however; it would be maintained by designing messages, by collecting feedbacks, identifying target market, method of delivery and communication objective. Moreover, the companies communicate the information through promotional activities as well as by promoting campaigns (Ahmed et al., 2014). In media, there is a bombard of extraordinary deals and offer for automobile. There are many dealers in the market that advertise their products through various means of communications such as television, radio and newspapers. Moreover, several dealers communicate their products from emails and direct mails. The Land Rover, advertise their products through events and shows that are running in many countries of the world. Moreover, the company follows the two different patterns of communication that is paid communication and unpaid communication. Under indirect communication, the companies promote their products through Motor magazines and television shows such as Top gear that promotes new product. As far as paid communication is concerned, the company promote their products through direct mails and emails. According to the (Kitchen Burgmann, 2010)integrating market communication is a process that the companies used with the aim of expand the notion of brand communication. Some of the other authors define integrating marketing communication as a simple concept that make sure that all the texts and communication are interlinked together with great care. Moreover, the purpose of the IMC is to integrate the tools of promotion that ensures that all the work is performed with harmony. On the other hand, the public relation are plays an important role in the IMC as it help the company in attaining its open-ended goals and plans that they set in order to meets the milestone of the projects. (Andy, 2002) Brand Positioning The brand positioning is considered as a place that the consumers set in its mind in order to brand its product. Moreover, the consumers perform brand positioning strategies to set a strong equity of brand in the mind of customers. The company strong positioning strategies highlight its credibility, strong unique attributes and sustainability in the mind of customers. (Freling Forbes, 2005) According to (MaaritJalkalaKernen, 2014), there are four possible strategies that the company would use for offering client solutions. These strategies include: long term customer services, sub system providers, international solution integrator and customer value diagnose. The Land Rover also used these strategies in its business as its help them in building its brand equity and brand personality among the customers mind. The primary objective of the Land Rover is to promote awareness of its new positioning strategy that is GO BEYOND. However, the main challenge for the company is to reduce the increasing rate of advertising from different dealers that promote their cars through diverse orthodox advertising and television commercials. By overcoming these advertising the company would easily capture the attention of many diverse customers toward the Land Rovers promotion. If the company want to implement position strategies in the organization then it is necessary for the company to following the following positioning decisions. As the company have three different vehicles available in their portfolios that are placed in different SUVs segments. Thus, these all three product need a strategy that names as product centric position strategy The traditional car of Range Rover 4.0 SE provides great features with inexpensive cars that ranged from $ 30000 to $ 52500. It would be good if the company target the high income group of people- preferably individual that earned income that is more than $100000. As these group of people would easily buy the luxury cars. Moreover, the current analysis of the company sales shows that people that belongs to the higher income group would easily purchases the Toyota Land Cruiser that cost them approximately ($36708). The market analysis shows that female group having more inclination for safety and excellence performance aspect of SUVs. The result of the comparison of competitors and discovery shows that discovery having high rating score for these parameters as compared to competitors. So it would be goods for the company if they targeting woman consumers as it would provide the company more rewards as compared to single male segments. The company performed the Umbrella branding in order to building the new strategies of brand that accommodates all the models which include current and future model as well. Moreover, this brand captured the essence and spirit of values like freedom, adventure, individualism, authenticity and supremacy (LLC, 2016). Marketing Mix The marketing budget should be increase to $20 million to $ 30 million. The company should set the budget of advertisement to more than 50% They should use television advertisement for growing its business productivity rather than other means of communication. The company continued its sponsorship of events such as La Ruta Maya Expedition and Camel Trophy. The company should restrict it direct mailing and email promotional activities to just 4 SE customers.(Huang Sarigll, 2014) USP, STP and Competition Land Rover Parent Company Jaguar Land Rover and TM ( Tata Motor) Type of products Luxury cars and SUVs Industry Automobiles Slogan of company over and within USP Authentic, Rugged, adventurous and freedom loving STP Market Segment Segment of SUVs Target Audience The target audience are upper middle class and high income groups Positioning Positioned as a premium brand that offer its customers a handling and off-roading services Competition Competitors Porsche Ford Audi Mercedes Benz Cherokee BMW Recommendation It is recommended to the company to implement family based advertisement that would help them in achieving a larger market share of the automobile industry. Moreover, the company should also focus on the concept of transactional utility that help them in ensuring either the customers is satisfied with the decision of the purchases of Land Rover or not, The company would use this technique in its retailing strategy (Goldsmith, 2016). It is also recommended to the company to expand the budget of its business activities which would help them in increasing its business image in the highly competitive marketplace. The company should also use marketing penetration and product development strategies in its business activities that would help them in expanding its market share and growth in the market. It is recommended to the company to focuses on the two growth techniques which include GLD production and Wow Event Hire. These techniques would help the company in increasing the demand for supply as well as help them in maintaining its business USP in the target market. (White, 2014) The firm used the marketing mix techniques at the stage of the BOP (bottom of pyramid). By considering these strategies into the BOP; the company ensures the engagement of customers in the bottom of pyramid market as it would help them in enhancing the engagement of the clients into the BOP. (Chikweche Fletcher, 2012) References Ahmed, Raheem, R., Vishnu, P., Nawaz, A., Ali, U., Khoso, I. (2014). The communication mix in pharmaceutical marketing Chikweche, T., Fletcher, R. (2012). Revisiting the marketing mix at the bottom of pyramid (BOP): From theoretical considerations to practical realities. Journal of Consumer Marketing, 29(7), 507520. Freling, T. H., Forbes, L. P. (2005). An empirical analysis of the brand personality effect. Journal of Product Brand Management, 14(7), 404413. Goldsmith, E. B. (2016). Consumer economics: Issues and behaviours. Huang, R., Sarigll, E. (2014). How brand awareness relates to market outcome, brand equity, and the marketing mix. International Series on Consumer Science. Land Rover 4x4 vehicles and luxury SUV. (2016, July 14). Retrieved July 22, 2016, from https://www.landrover.com/index.html LLC, P. (2016). Key strategies and issues of positioning: A review of past studies. MaaritJalkala, A., Kernen, J. (2014). Brand positioning strategies for industrial firms providing customer solutions. Journal of Business Industrial Marketing, 29(3), 253264. Mark, W. (2016). Aluminium used in Jaguar land Rover vehicles helps meet sustainability targets. Punjaisri, K., Balmer, J. (2016). Brand value co-creation with employees through the leader-member exchange theory: The case of a corporate brand Tovey, M. (2016). Design for transport: A User-Centred approach to vehicle design and travel. Wedel, M., Kamakura, W. A. (2012). Market segmentation: Conceptual and methodological foundations. White, C. (2014). An Investigation To Identify The Marketing Techniques Available To Promote An Events Company Successfully: A Critical Analysis Of Gld Productions Limited And Wow Event Hire. Kitchen, P. J., Burgmann, I. (2010). Integrated marketing communication.Wiley International Encyclopaedia of Marketing. Andy (2002). Over 50, 000 university Courseworks, Dissertations, research papers, essays, assignments, academic reports and analysis. Johnson, P. S. (2003). Industries in Europe: Competition, trends and policy issues. Indian Drives (2016, March 29). Jaguar land Rover looks to enter SUV-Coup marketRetrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RcjjvJoLdiQ

Marketing Environment of Intrepid Travel-Free-Samples for Students

Question: Discuss about the Sustainable Management Marketing in Intrepid Travel Group. Answer: Introduction Intrepid Travel Group is an adventure travel organization which is based in Melbourne, Australia. The company was originated in the year 1988 and it was the biggest division of the PEAK Adventure Travel Group and it was also a joint venture of the Intrepid Travel Group and the TUI Group. Under this alliance many countries became a part; further the company was separated with this joint venture in the year 2015 in order to initiate expansion (Intrepid Travels 2017). So, considering from that period it shall be noted that organization became the most successful organization in the field of travel. Many marketing strategies were adopted by the company to help people gain knowledge about the company and its functioning in the target market. The purpose of this report is to provide a brief overview about the marketing mix of Intrepid Travel Company and competitive analysis and the sustainability practices adopted by the company to sustain their growth n the target market. More details abo ut the task discussed below: Organizational Objectives Adventure Travel is regarded as one of the most important aspect present in the travel industry. The organization which is discussed in the report engages their activity in this sector of the industry. The organization initiates their activities in this sector as it provide them advantage to grow and earn profits. In order to earn profit, the organization initiates activities which provide maximum level of satisfaction to customers and real life experiences as well (Percy 2014). The major aim of the company is to provide real life experiences to people by providing their share in various social care activities implemented with respect to the nature. Furthermore, one important fact shall be noted that the organization Intrepid organization does not initiate their process to gain profits; instead they initiate their activities focusing on protection to the human rights and the nature as well. Development of the society is the major aim of the organization in the target market; resultin g to which, major portion of the company is invested in operating these activities only. Apart from environmental development, the organization is also a customer focused company which initiates their activities to enhance the efficiency of their travellers so that their business is expanded in various parts of the world (Kumar, and Christodoulopoulou 2014). The vision statement developed by the company is that they need to fulfill the needs of the travellers and initiate development of customer relationship as well. Also the company wants to maintain a fixed and solid position in the target market with respected to that the organization has adopted various innovative techniques in marketing strategies. Main Products, services, suppliers and customers of Intrepid The main products of the organization are linked with the adventure tourism industry. The organization is based in providing the real life experience of adventure tourism in the industry. This the major product served by the organization, apart from that the company is also involved in responsible tourism practices as their core value in their business operations. It is the service that the organization provides to make a social effect in the environment. Prevention of human rights and environment are the activities which are initiated by the organization for the purpose of nature. And with respect to travel services the organization provides transportation, local leader cum experts and accommodation etc. facilities to the customers (Hollensen 2015). The hotel, transportation industry, tour operation and industry travel agents etc. are few suppliers present in the industry without which no organization can initiate their activities effectively. As Intrepid organization is a part of travel industry where the company can only when they have effective connections worldwide. So, the organization is connected with such industries in order to maximize the satisfaction level of the employees. The company tied their business activities with various hotels and transportation services to provide effective services to their customers. These suppliers of the organization help them in gaining competitive edge in the target market (Armstrong, et. al., 2012). Target Audience The target audience of the company is those people who love travelling to new destinations and exploring the world. The people who believe in living real life experience are the main target of the company. Targeting is a strategy which is used by the organizations in order to identify the actual customers whom the company shall target in order to gain more and more sales for the company. Along with sales the company also aims to fulfill the organizational objective which includes may other factors apart from profit and revenue. Mainly the people who are very lively and want to get a break from their basic life routine to embrace the beauty of nature are fit for the organization to target (Rosenbloom 2012). The company does not provide services which are luxurious and pompous; rather it ensures that the customers receive a pleasant and lively experience which connects them to the nature. Thus, the company provides such people tempting offers which they can utilize to travel around the world; they aim to provide offers which stratify them financially and provide satisfactory experiences as well. As the organization adopted various marketing techniques to target customers and deliver them services as well. Digital media and print media play a significant role in promoting the services provided by the organization. Being placed in a travel industry the organization needs to promote their product to gain maximum number of customers in the market, also advertisement helps the customers to know about the features of the company and services provided by them in the market (Mowforth, and Munt 2015). Apart from that the main motive of the organization is to provide satisfactorily services to the customers apart from profit gaining intention, so the promotion scheme of the organization provides a view to the target customer that what kind of services the company deliver. further in this way the organization target the adequate customers who matches to the services provided by the company Intrepid (Whitelaw, King, and Tolkach 2014.). Marketing Mix of Intrepid Product As discussed above the company provides services which satisfy the feel of adventurous people. Being situated in adventure tourism the organization mainly provides real life experience to the customers. The organization aims to maximize the level of satisfactions of the travellers traveling with them. Adventurous tourism is a crucial segment of the tourism industry, unlike other organization; this organization does not serve prime and luxury services and products to the customers in the market. Neither the organization target such customers who thrive for luxurious travelling, basically the company Intrepid is known for providing real life experiences to the travellers while travelling. This states that organization make people close to nature and make feel the real beauty not through artificial products (Juvan, and Dolnicar 2014). Furthermore, it shall be noted that the organization is more close to nature if compared to organizations due to which the company receives more degree of uncertainty and threat in the organizational structure. As the health of nature is now days depleting day by day due to which there is high degree of risk aligned with it, resulting to which, the company also provide adequate safety measure services to the customers so that they can experience a safe and pleasant experience with the company (Page 2014). The company has maintained adequate objective while travelling which are discussed below: Functions shall be performed in such a way that they create effect on the satisfaction level of customers along with the company as well. Local leaders appointed by the organization shall co-ordinate with local and understand the culture and heritage of the location. This will help them provide better level of satisfaction to the customers. Prevention of environmental and human right is the foremost important aspect which shall not be waive by any employee under any circumstances (Bramwell 2015). Price Pricing is not an issue for the company; their main objective is to increase the level of satisfaction for the customers. So in context the organization develops and implements a pricing strategy which target mass customers at a time provide who wants to attain such services. The company adopted the cost-leadership and competition based pricing strategy in their business which helps them to grow of overtime. This strategy was used in such a way that the company reduced their travel package which excited the customers to travel with the company due to which the company increased its sales as well. Due to this strategy the organization also earned the competitive edge in the market (Pomfret 2016). Further the cost-differentiated strategy also supported the competition strategy of the company. Also this strategy helped the organization to deal with its competitors in order to run in target market and develop connections as well. Thus, the pricing strategies initiated by the company held them to gain the target customers in the market and initiate sustainability in their actions as well (Intrepid Travels 2017). Place Specifications of place play a significant role in implementing activities in the Intrepid tourism industry. The company operates its functionalities at the famous place which are close to nature and the place which are mostly liked by the customers present in society. Such kind of places is the place where the company initiates its activities. Furthermore it shall be noted that as the company Intrepid is customer centric so all the activities initiated in the management lie travel packages, offers, accommodation and based on their preference only. So, the place aspect depends upon the preference of the customers that were they want to travel (Wilks, Stephen, and Moore 2013). Another aspect is the connection of the company with other suppliers present in the market. Looking at the market analysis it shall be noted that the organization chooses the place to travel according to their relation with different companies and people present in different locations around the world. Promotion Promotion is regarded as one of the most important aspect which helps the companies present in the tourism industry to grow with a rapid speed. Promotion of the company helps the customers to know about the features of the company and activities provided by hem in market. With such information the customer can easily compare it with different competitors present in the market and chose the right company which can fulfill their requirements (Hardiman, and Burgin 2017). Also the promotional strategy of the company helps them to communicate their vision and mission with the target customers and increase their sales rapidly. This process improves the brand image of the company as it helps the customers to gain trust on their activities in grow in the global market. Digital media and print media are the ways through which the company promotes its activities in the target market. For companies like Intrepid, promotion is the basic source to target more and more customers from different geographical boundaries. So the company invests a huge amount in promoting the product and their objectives in the target market (Wood 2017). Comparative Analysis with competitors Competitors are those people who are involve in providing same type of services to the target customers in the same industry. Competitors of Intrepid are Austin Adventure, G Adventure, and Geographic Expeditions Adventurous Trips etc. further the comparison of the company with their rivals is discussed below: Product Just like Intrepid Tourism there are many other companies which are present in adventure tourism sector and provide almost same types of services to the customers. But the fact that makes the company different from its competitors is the Intrepid provide offers and packages available at affordable prices. This helps the company to gain competitive edge in the market. Price Talking about price, it shall be noted that the company does not focuses on gaining more and more profits like others; instead it focuses on maximizing the level of satisfaction of customers. Resulting to which provide their services at very affordable prices in the market (Peacock, et. al., 2017). Place The company is locate in total 100 countries and have a huge family of around 1600 employees working with them in more than 20 offices worldwide. So, it shall be noted that if compared to other competitors the company Intrepid holds more area and initiates diversified activities worldwide. Promotion Intrepid Travel is an Australia based company; Australia is a beautiful country where there are many places which are very close to nature. So, it gives the company plenty of opportunity to travel and expand their services. Resulting to which, the company adequately promote their services worldwide (Giddy, and Webb 2016). Recommendation Thus, it shall be recommended to the company that they shall adopt effective and efficient strategies to improve the target objective of the company. Also the organization shall aim to attain competitive edge in the market by developing promotional activities in the market. Further it shall be recommended to the company that they shall also focus on other ways of promotions to reach out to more and more people. This process will help them to create brand equity and flourish their business in international market as well. Lastly, the company support expansion activities in their business to provide more and more people their travelling adventure experiences. Conclusion Thus in the limelight of above-mentioned events the facts that shall be noted is that the organization Intrepid Company is an Australian organization which is part of tourism industry. The company is among one of the most prominent companies of Australia which provides adventurous services. Further the main motive of the company is to provide real life experience to the travellers travelling with them. Also they aim to protect the environment as well. Apart from that considering to competitors, the company gained advantage because of their qualitative marketing activities in the global market. References Armstrong, G., Kotler, P., Harker, M., Brennan, R., 2012, Marketing: an introduction, Pearson Prentice-Hall, London. Bramwell, B., 2015. Theoretical activity in sustainable tourism research.Annals of Tourism Research,54, pp.204-218. Giddy, J.K. and Webb, N.L., 2016. The influence of the environment on motivations to participate in adventure tourism: The case of the Tsitsikamma.South African Geographical Journal,98(2), pp.351-366. Hardiman, N. and Burgin, S., 2017. Nature tourism trends in Australia with reference to the Greater Blue Mountains World Heritage Area.Journal of Sustainable Tourism,25(6), pp.732-745. Hollensen, S., 2015, Marketing management: A relationship approach, Pearson Education. Intrepid Travels. 2017. Expedition trips: Brand new off-map adventures. Viewed on December 12, 2017 from https://www.intrepidtravel.com/en/theme/expeditions Intrepid Travels. 2017. Small groups, big adventureswith Intrepid Travel. Viewed on December 12, 2017 from https://www.intrepidtravel.com/en Juvan, E. and Dolnicar, S., 2014. The attitudebehaviour gap in sustainable tourism.Annals of Tourism Research,48, pp.76-95. Kumar, V. and Christodoulopoulou, A., 2014. Sustainability and branding: An integrated perspective.Industrial Marketing Management,43(1), pp.6-15. Mowforth, M. and Munt, I., 2015.Tourism and sustainability: Development, globalisation and new tourism in the third world. Routledge. Page, S.J., 2014.Tourism management. Routledge. Peacock, S., Brymer, E., Davids, K. and Dillon, M., 2017. An Ecological Dynamics Perspective on Adventure Tourism.Tourism Review International,21(3), pp.307-316. Percy, L., 2014.Strategic integrated marketing communications. Routledge Pomfret, G.C., 2016.An exploration of adventure tourism participation and consumption(Doctoral dissertation, Sheffield Hallam University (United Kingdom)). Rosenbloom, B., 2012, Marketing channels, Cengage Learning. Whitelaw, P.A., King, B.E. and Tolkach, D., 2014. Protected areas, conservation and tourismfinancing the sustainable dream.Journal of Sustainable Tourism,22(4), pp.584-603. Wilks, J., Stephen, J. and Moore, F. eds., 2013.Managing tourist health and safety in the new millennium. Routledge. Wood, C., 2017. Travel, roads, risks and volunteers.Journal of Tourism and Cultural Change,15(5), pp.490-498

7 effective strategies for college students

7 Effective Strategies For College Students You Are Finally on Your Own- Be Safe Graduation is over and you are headed to college. A world that begins your transition from young adult, to adulthood. For many this is an exciting time. Time to be on your own and make your own choices. While it is going to be great not to have your mom walk in on you while you are doing God knows what, and to not have your dad looming by while you are talking on the phone with friends, becoming an adult comes with responsibility. Yeah, that word again. You will be running into that word the rest of your life, and then you will be passing it on to your kids one day. Before you settle into the daily grind of college life, and write essay number one, take time to go over these important steps that may keep you responsible and safe enough to finish college. Choose Friends Wisely Everyone wants to be liked, and you had protection at home when your parents could watch over you, and get on your nerves about what friends you chose. Everyone that smiles is not a friend, and many of your college mates may not be those that you would want around if you are there to gain that degree. Partying is one thing, but overdoing it is another. Be the one that knows how to say â€Å"no†, it is a word that will come in handy. Secure Your Belongings Laptops, phones, IPods, these are costly and your parents are not going to want to keep sending you these things if they are lost or stolen. You do not want to have to work hard and have to buy them over and over again either. Invest in an engraving tool and computing system locks, there are many online that are inexpensive. E-mail Your Professors This is so important. Let them know that you are happy to be coming to their classes or even ask for  college essay help. Nurturing a relationship with them is going to be valuable as you move from semester to semester. They have been at the college for many years, well some of them, and they know what you need to succeed. Some will even lay out your entire path for you, advising what classes to take now, and which ones to wait to take. Save Money If you have millions of dollars you can skip this one. Most of us don’t have the privilege of parents with fat bank accounts to send money to us every month, so be thrifty. You don’t have to have 100-dollar tennis shoes to look your best, and ramen noodles taste good when the right veggies are added to them. There are books to be bought, and they are expensive, so rent them. Used books are okay too, as a matter of fact, the notes in them from other students that came before you can be priceless. Although you may have to buy essays online from the  best college essay writing service  if you are behind in your schedule, don’t make a habit of it. Saved money can go towards much needed copy costs and travel fares. Bike or Walk Campuses can be huge, and so can the bus fare to get around them in bigger cities. Get a good bike or walk, not only will you be healthier, you will save a ton of money. Try to get Your Syllabus Early Many professors will gladly send it if you ask for it when you email them and introduce yourself. This is a great way to get to the bookstore before the rush in the first week of school. Utilize the Study Lab The less wear and tear you put on your personal computer or laptop, the better. The computer study lab and college library are there for your use and the extra icing on the cake is that it is usually very quiet and you can study effectively. This wasn’t the normal how to get your studying done guide you may have been looking for, however, print this out and put it on the back of your door to your dorm room, or on your mirror. After you are practical about how to live your life on campus, the rest will be easier to handle. Those talks that your parents gave you before leaving home were not to nag you, but were to keep you safe. Don’t forget to call them, they miss you more than you could ever know, and you know you miss them too.

Chimps essays

Chimps essays Mother and baby chimpanzees get into fights and then minutes later they hug and make up. Chimps do not perfer to walk, but perfer to climb. Their order is primates. Their genus in Pan. Their family is Pongidae. Also, their species is troglodytes. Their body length is 28-38 inches (female) and 30-36 inches (male). The average weight is 99-176 lbs. They mostly eat fruit, leaves, buds, blossoms, bark, resin, honey, termites, ans ants. Occasionally they eats other smaller mammals. Chimps live in troops that number between 25 and 80 chimps. Each troop has a dominate male. The troops home rangs varies in size from 7-8 square miles in open country. Chimps sleep at night in a nest. They mainly stay in trees during the wet season. They sleep on the ground when it is dry. Breeding takes place year round. Chimps have 2 intense feeding periods each day. It was recently discovered that the chimpanzee eats meat. It is also known to hunt, kill and feed on a variety of mammals, including other primates. Such as the Colobus monkeys, the Blue monkeys, and babboons. The killing is almost always done by one adult male. Chimps suffer from many human diseases including malaria. Chimps are the only animal that resembles man closely. ...

Film Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Film Analysis - Essay Example Despite his parents being in the film industry, Nakamura had not explored the field until his days in college. This is when he discovered film as a tool of empowering and inspiring the community. He was an Asian-American studies student, and he created his first film â€Å"Yellow Brotherhood†, which was about a youth basketball team in Los Angeles. The team mainly composed of the children whose fathers were founders of a Japanese-American anti-gang organization of â€Å"Yellow Brotherhood†. He aimed at producing films that involved and educated the youth. He observed that, watching educative documentaries can help a student to pass an examination. He used hip-hop music as soundtracks of his films as a way of attracting the attention of the youth because Hip hop music is highly associated with the youth. His thesis project was about Chris Iijima, who was a Japanese-American folk musician and Bob Dylan and Joni Mitchell both were part of the Asian American movement of the 1960s (Friedbacher & Bubert 215). The pilgrimage was the first movie to focus on the reality of the World War II concentration camp experience that was never understood by the public. It showed how the children of the victims reclaimed the World War II camps. Pilgrimage was a film that brought into light the 9/11 world by featuring interviews with the Arab-Americans of the post 9/11 era. His father and grandparents were detained at the desolate internment camp. After the war, the government, his relatives and other Japanese-American survivors of the camps never shared their experiences in the camp. They chose to keep it as a secret as they saw it was something that was not appealing to be included in a conversation (Friedbacher & Bubert 234). Nakamura hoped that Pilgrimage, would shed some light to past and present events to the youth and hence inspire them. He spent most of his first year finalizing the film and making it ready for distribution to schools and colleges.

International Perspectives on Managing Human Resources Essay

International Perspectives on Managing Human Resources - Essay Example A further discussion will include the assessment of the job opportunities concerning the hiring system. The Chinese Government focuses on the Small and medium enterprises as this constitutes to the country’s income and revenues. The enterprises range from local establishment to international exporting industries. As such, the government formulates rigid investment policies that target to safe guard the interest of the large labor force. The government of China manages to regulate the minimal wage expectation through defined employer memorandum signed before company establishment. As a follow-up to the understanding, existing government institutions monitor company performance with intent to access the payment systems. This precedes an annual review of the memorandum terms through bills and policies enacted through specific industrial sectors. The Chinese government focuses on the employee treatment rather than investment returns among different companies. As such, the employee welfare dominates a given industrial establishment (Warner, 211). China’s HRM operates on a scale of governmental enterprises and multinational firms. China also pioneered an open door structure in the year 1978, that later gave rise the operating labor laws enacted in the 1995. The historical development reformed the Chinese human resource economy through an establishment of management customs. As such, the Chinese government selects the preferred business managers. The labor agency determines responsibility allocation within the different industrial sectors. This structural performance enables the governmental institution to regulate wage allocations and individual performance standards. As such, the Chinese government is a central unit monitoring the human resource management with intent to support the Chinese progress (Warner, 189).

Probation, Parole, and Intermediate Sanctions Essay

Probation, Parole, and Intermediate Sanctions - Essay Example Finally, the paper will close with a review on the ethical issues that surrounds the correction processes, approaches and facilities. Crime and community safety have been the most disturbing issues across the entire world since time immemorial. Criminal activities carried within communities have caused unrest and state of confusion as most people fear for the safety of their lives and property. It is due to adverse effects of crimes on communities that legal professionals and security personnel came up with strategies of arresting, examining, rehabilitating and incarcerating individual criminals to restore peace, sanity and confidence in particular communities. Historically, criminal activities were assumed to be caused by evil spirits and therefore, individual criminals were taken to the public for severe punishment as deterrence to other potential activities. Revolution took place in history of crime justice and community safety and gave rise to alternative models of discouraging and ending criminal activities. Among the notable revolutionized ways of handling criminal activities include parole, probation and in termediate sanctions. Schmalleger (2012) avers that the three methods of handling crime justice and community safety have been experiencing pendulum effects due back and forth review and exercise. Patersilia (1998) asserts that probation and parole have been misunderstood as the only approaches to ensuring community safety and criminal justice. Despite the similarities in the application of parole and probation modes of enforcing criminal justice, the difference occurs in the manner in which each is ignited and set to work. Probation according to Patersilia (1998) is an execution process involving the sentencing of criminal offenders to serve in the community projects as opposed to incarceration. Parole involves release of an offender from

Organisational Strategy, Culture and Leadership

Organisational Strategy, Culture and Leadership Introduction Future challenges for business organisation will vary in so many ways compared to the past. Organisations in this 21st century are working on different ways of doing things to stay in the competition or beat it. In this fast moving and fluctuating economic environment, finding market opportunities and developing a competitive edge for any organisation is critical and it involves lots of executive time and effort. To ensure sustainable growth for any company, the leaders of any organisation should plan strategically and tactically to meet the needs and wants of the customer in the long run and increase the shareholder value. In this context, leadership in modern organisations is a challenge in this dynamic social and cultural environment. As Elkin(2007) describes, strategies for organisational wellbeing is their ability to understand what should be done today and tomorrow to live up to customer expectations and prosper in the long run. Jonson et al (2008) argue that historical and cultural perspectives of an organisation are vital to understand the opportunities and the threats in the business environment. So, it is clear that the culture of an organisation is the central thesis of organisational strategy and implementation. To ensure successful Strategy formulation, implementation and the evaluation/measurement, need right talent within the organisation. This is where leadership of the organisation comes handy. Giving employees a purpose, directing them willingly to it and creating a feeling of importance and ownership is very important to drive the organisation towards the super ordinate goal. Therefore, it is evident that leadership in an organisation is vital in organisational development and change to achieve strategic objectives. Strategic leadership is the ability to shape the organisations decisions and deliver high value overtime, not only personally but also inspiring and managing others in the organisation. Lynch R (2009: 9) Lynchs clearly state about delivering high value or increasing shareholder value, ensuring individual and team performance in a stressed atmosphere where the change is the name of the game plan. Therefore, the author of this paper attempts to understand the concepts of organisational strategy, leadership and culture and how each of these concepts and theories can be applied in a practical scenario. Specifically, the author attempts to understand and clarify how organisational culture influence leaders in forming and performing organisational strategies. Organisational Strategy Strategy is the direction and scope of an organisation over the long term, which achieves advantage in a changing environment through its configuration of resources and competences with the aim of fulfilling stakeholder expectations Johnson et al (2008: pg 3) In simple term literature describes strategy as a long term plan, a course of action to achieve competitive advantage, a path to get from where they are to where they want to be. Elkin (2007) describes strategy as a process of positioning an organisation in its environment to achieve and sustain competitive advantage profitably. Whereas, McGee et al (2005) in their chapter on the concept of strategy, discussing Chandlers (1963) definition on strategy concludes that it as the determination of basic long -term goal and objectives, and the action plan and the allocation of resources to achieve them. Mintzberg (1994) defines strategy as a set of interrelated decisions to achieve articulated results and Appelbaum (1991:pg.41) definition characterises strategy: As a coherent grouping of actions intended to gain distinct advantage over competition Why strategy To achieve business stability and growth in this competitive business environment, even a sole trade organisation cannot do things on an adhoc basis. The Pereto Principle (80 20 rule) applies to products, customers and markets as well. Therefore, the leaders should plan to invest in 20% value adding markets. This requires logical and creative thinking in place and some extra effort from leaders. According to Jonson et al (2008), Elkin (2007) and Juran (1994), to ensure sustainable growth and to enhance shareholder value, todays organisation should have a long term direction, and a course of action to bridge the competition. Companies who make occasional improvements at a pedestrian pace cannot possibly hope to keep up with their competitors; they need to set ambitious goals Juran (1994.pg 48) Saying this Juran (1994) further emphasises the need for set goals to keep up with their competitors. Lafley ( 2009), chairman Procter & Gamble (P & G) says that they are purpose driven and values and principle led, he further state that is why they could navigate through two world wars, regional, local wars, periodic panics and recessions. Having formulated five main strategies (Product, Operations, social responsibility, employees, stakeholders www.pg.com) for P&G, they emphasis the need for a long term direction for survival and sustainable growth and is a living example for a strategy driven organisation. Basic Dynamics of Strategy Every organisation has to manage its strategies in main three areas; The organisations internal resources; The external environment within which the organisation operates; The organisations ability to add value to what it does. Lynch R ( 2009:52) And further, he describes five key elements of strategy which are needed for value addition and create the competitive edge over competitors; those are sustainability, process, competitive advantage, the exploitation of linkages between the organisation and the environment, vision. McGee et al (2005) introduces main three factors that control organisational plans, decisions and actions. In his model of basic dynamics in strategy, he explains that goals are derived considering external environment [PESTEL, Five forces Model (Porter, 1980)] and resources that an organisation has. Strategy formulation, execution and evaluation are highly integrated with organisations external and internal environments. Johnson et al (2008) also takes kind of similar approach and believes them as basic dynamic of organisational strategy. Leadership Leadership is fundamental aspect of strategic management and paramount in strategy implementation Sherman .et al (2007:pg.167) Leadership is the ability to influence, motivate individuals and teams to get the contribution towards organisational strategy willingly. (House et al, 1997; Blanchard, 2007). These are the qualities that Nelson Mandela got even after being in the jail for 28 years (www.anc.org.za, New York Times, 1990), Mother Theresa was another example with a great passion to motivate and persuade people for the end state (nobelprice.org). Hughes and Beatty (2005) state that individuals and teams become strategic as they think, act, influence towards sustainable competitive advantage and he further emphasis that Strategic thinking, Strategic acting and strategic influencing are key skills for a leader. As an example, Martin Luther Kings I have a Dream changed the Americas direction as a country in terms of culture, strategy as well as leadership. It is his acumen as a leader, ability to shape decisions to deliver high value which created this atmosphere (Lynch, 2009). When looking at great leaders in the past and the future, it is clear that the self belief, confidence, courage, integrity and being yourself, with skills (Goffee and Jones, 2000) have guaranteed the sustainability as a nation or any formal or informal organisation. Why leadership In most of the organisations in todays business context, interest of employees and employers are not aligned. As success highly depends on human capital readiness, it is leaders responsibility and the ability to get the right commitment from all in the ship. Doz and Thanheiser (2000) say that Inventing a creative recipe and cooking a perfect dish still require much talent from leaders. So, it is leaders responsibility to formulate strategy and create a strategic intent to drive the organisation for results. In any organisation existing structure is very important for employees as they are comfortable with the existing power bases, rewards and recognitions as well as the job security. Appelbaum (1991) emphasises that success of any strategic change is highly depend on the key people. So, adjusting the roles, responsibilities and accountabilities would be the challenge and leaders have to apply different types of leadership styles depending on employees educational, cultural, religious and social background as well as the organisational values and beliefs. Leadership Styles Leadership literature emphasises that there is no single effective style of leadership (Goffee and Jones, 2000; Gill, 2001; Higgs and Rowland, 2003). But Sherman et al (2007) points out that transformational leadership has been successful in getting the work done willingly while giving people a sense ownership. He further states that transformational leaders are change agents and cheer leaders in organisations. Sherman continues saying that transactional leaders enhance organisational performance by providing support and guidance to accomplish specific tasks or functions. Yukl (2006) calls transformational leadership as relationship oriented and transactional as task oriented where he points out that the appropriate mix of both depending on circumstances as situational leadership. Servant leadership takes place when leaders assume the position of servant in their relationship says Russell Stone (2002). Autocratic route is rarely an acceptable option even in sole trader organisations , Nolan et al (2007). It is very clear that different authors argue in various ways and has come up with a range of suggestions for leading styles. For example, Jack Welch approach to turn around GE is a prime example of varying leadership styles depending on the situation and the long existed organisational and the social climate. At the initial stage as a senior leader, he creates a vision and strategy to re-organise and drive GE towards success where he had to dismiss people, sell under performing units etc. During this time, he uses his positional power and authority and acted as an autocratic leader most of the time as a result he was nick named as Neutron Jack. Once he made GE lean and a flexible organisation without boundaries his approach was more democratic. Fujio Mitarai at Canon is also renowned for taking a similar kind of approach where as Paul Kennedy a fictional HBR leader is renowned as a soft negotiator who is not willing to push for best deal, critics called him as a Laissez -faire leader. But nobody justifies his approach was wrong and is totally Laissez-faire approach (Strategic Direction, 2006) as Laissez-f aire style is associated with dissatisfaction, unproductiveness and ineffectiveness. Though Jack Welch was earlier called as a neutron, later he was recognised as a transformational leader who turns around GE as the most recognised and valuable organisation in the world. He proved that the right mix with all styles drives organisation towards success. Goffee and Jones (2000) state that being your self, with skills is important as a leader, so it is clear that successful leaders represent this argument introducing their own way of doing things. Prime example is Finnish mobile manufacturer Nokia, Jorma Ollila, who is a silent CEO but with high-performance. It is believed that he take servant to transformational style as and when required. Organisational Culture Deshpande and Webster (1989), define culture as a set of tacitly understood rules and procedures which guide employees behaviours depending on the situation where as Williams at el. (1993) describes it as common and stable beliefs, values and attitudes . Schein (2004) and Johnson et al (2008) share their view stating culture as a shared basic assumptions that has worked well in the past, so they are forced to think and feel same when it comes to same kind of situations and Johnson put this into his words; Organisational culture is the basic assumptions and belief that are shared by members of an organisation that operate unconsciously and define in basic taken for grated fashion an organisations view of it and its environment. (Johnson et al, 2008: pg 189) Therefore, in general culture can be defined as norms, values and belief or assumptions people in an organisation shares commonly and be guided by. For example, Fujio cho, the president Toyota says that their business practices are based on core principles created values, beliefs and business methods and he further states those have become competitive edge over the years. So, for Toyota, culture is more important and they drive organisation benefiting from their strong homogeneous culture (Liker, 2004) Johnson, et al (2008) emphasis that individuals are surrounded by four different cultures, namely national/regional, organisational field, organisational and functional/divisional and he further states that the importance of understanding all four frames of culture in order to be successful in the business environment. McDonalds approach to enter and operate in India is a prime example for this. McDonalds menus in India do not contain pork or beef. Vegetarian and non vegetarian food products are kept separate throughout the sourcing, supply chain, cooking and serving process, (cordthinking.wordpress.com). They have been successful in achieving their strategic objectives with the thorough understanding the all forms of cultures that Jonson explains. Burt et al (1994) and Burt (2000), say that in some sectors corporate culture does not have say on performance but in others culture play a pivotal role in creating completive edge. Toyota, PG are prime example for organisations which take edge from their strong cultures. He continues stating that understanding cultures contingent value is important as it says when and when not to consider about culture in strategy formulation and leadership. Composition of culture Literature describes culture is a composite of values, belief, behaviours and norms which has been existence and accepted for a certain period of time (Schein, 2004; Liker, 2004; Burt, 2000). Where as Johnson, et al (2008) points out that paradigm is the base for culture and he explain in his below model that behaviours, belief and values are guided by this paradigm. Types of cultures Sherman et al (2007) introduces three different types cultures in organisations; Homogenous characterised by consistency, consider organisation as one and they react to changes as a unit. Toyotas culture is prime example for it as all employees values, behaviours and belief are guided by the culture. Differentiated there are majority and minority subculture but the majority runs the organisation. Fragmented small units maintain their unique cultural identities; a subculture will dominate only due to organizational necessity. It is not clear that which culture runs the firm. Trade unions and other formal and informal groups also have a say and influence on organisational decisions. Royal Mail trade union dispute and current organisational issue have been created through these cultural norms as they do not have a strong organisational consensus. Strategy, Culture and Leadership Schein E.H (2004) sees culture and leadership as two sides of same coin and he further says that leaders first create cultures and then groups and organisations. The culture often determines the degree of co-operation and commitment among the staff as well as the organisations strength of purpose and the CEO is usually responsible for setting this tone Appelbaum (1991:pg.50) Therefore, strength of organisational purpose, employee commitment and co -operation are highly depending on organisational culture. As Appelbaum (1991) says, leader is the creator of it. To achieve sound business performance while exploring unprecedented business opportunities with highest risk ever, business managers plan strategically. PGs connect develop, GEs work out are transformational strategies from which they turn around their organisations. According to Appelbaum (1991), Leaders can ignore the culture, fit culture to strategy or fit the strategy to culture compromising performance. In GEs and PGs case, strategic leaders were not ready to compromise on results they really cared about value addition in terms of customers, shareholders and for the society as whole. For example PGs A.G. Lafley has created a homogeneous culture which supports their strategy. Understanding the importance of culture for organisational well being he as the leader lives with it talks it all the ti me, in almost all reports such as sustainability, annual reports etc makes sure that they communicate their values, beliefs and the organisational purpose to all stakeholders and in that leadership creates the culture which supports to organisations end state. Schein (2004) says understanding culture is desirable for all but is a must for leaders. So, it is evident that Welch and Lafley live with this argument when driven their organisations to greatest states ever. The Work-Out in essence turned the company upside down says Welch so that the workers told the bosses what to do. That forever changed the way people behaved at the company (www.1000ventures.com). Formulating sound organisational strategy, giving sense of ownership and creating the right cultural environment have been the key to winning leaders success at GE. In contrast to GE and PG, Toyota takes a different approach as they have a strong culture in built to the organisation. They train their leaders from inception to live with their values, and belief and to get the commitment from shop flow level to the board for their culture driven strategy. (Like, 2004; Appelbaum ,1991) further talks about the need of a right mix stating leadership is responsible for creating comprehensive aspirations and goals for all emphasising the need to blend aspirations with values to get the commitment to the organisational strategy. Sherma.et al (2007) emphasises that creating the right culture to support strategy does not guarantee performance. According to him it is all about creating an organisational profile which consists of organisational culture, competitive method, market approach, leadership style and the structure. Jack Welch at GE has taken this into consideration creating different profiles at different stages of the strategy execution at GE changing his styles of leading from Autocratic, transformational to servant changing organisational structure from hierarchical to a more flexible boundary less organisation. Practitioners argue that organizations can have sound strategies in place and well documented policies and procedures. But the success relies on how competent an organisation is to implement it. Many strategies fail due to poor implementation Mcdonald (1998.pg 458) It is highly recognised that managing the knowledge workforce in this 21st century is critical and retention is a challenge with the unprecedented opportunities around. As McGee et al (2005) state in his basic dynamic of strategy it is very important to know what we have within (human capital, competencies, and other resources). In this context social and emotional intelligence of leaders come into handy. GE Welch accepts that this aspect of his leadership has been poor though he has been successful. Therefore, it is still in debate what leadership style is best suit for organisational success and what strategy is best or how culture should be changed to support organisational strategy. But it is very clear, if a leader does not want to compromise on where they want to be, the organisations should formulate strategy and demand a cultural change. This is all about taking the challenge to deliver results. From formulation of strategy, implementation and to measurement of success leadership of any organisation pay a pivotal role. Any organisation capable of placing drivers in the right seats will ensure organisational success in the long run as those drivers are capable of creating the right profile for the organisation creating the right balance among leadership, culture and strategy. Conclusion Energy stems from a genuine belief from both leadership and self and focus, innovation and growth derived from organisational strategy, (Kipp, 2005). To ensure sustainable growth in this fast moving unpredictable business environment, it is vital to have these all elements in place. But the success depends on how competent the organisation in implementing their well defined plans (McDonald, 1998). In this context, organisational culture can act as a barrier or as a strong favourable factor for positive organisational changes. According to Drago (1996), culture can be used to focus on resources and activities for the set direction as IBMs cultural emphasis is exceptional customer service, which organisation as a whole are driven and lived with. Therefore, it is pivotal for any leader to have a cultural awareness in formulation, exaction and evaluation of strategy process for any organisation irrespective of their purpose of existence. Ultimately it is leaders ability to strike the right balance between Strategy, leadership and culture to realise organisational vision ethically, Kaplan and Norton (2001). References Appelbaum (1991), the strategic Management Model: A prescription (Rx) for the CEO, international Journal of Public Sector Management, Vol. 4 No. 1, pp. 41-57. MCB University Press. Blanchard, K.2007, Leading at a higher level, Blanchard leadership on high performing organisations, Prentice Hall, financial times. Burt, R.S (2000) financial times, mastering the strategy, the complete MBA companion in strategy When is corporate culture a competitive asset? Pearson Education Limited. Burt, R.S., Gabbay, S.M., Holt,G. and Morgan,P.(1994), Contingent organisation as a network theory, the culture performance contingent function, Acta Socioloica, no. 37, pp. 345 70. Drago W.A (1996), Strategic plan intensity and competitive strategy, Management research news, Vol.19.No.11,pp.13 25 Doz, Y. and Thanheiser, H. (2000) financial times, mastering the strategy, the complete MBA companion in strategy The art and science of corporate renewal Pearson Education Limited. Deshpande, R. and Webster, F.E (1989), Organizational Culture and Marketing: Defining the Research Agenda, Journal of Marketing, Vol. 53, pp. 3-15. Elkin P. M (2007), Mastering Business planning and strategy, The power and application of strategic thinking, 2nd edition, Thorogood Publishing. Goffee, R. and Jones, G. (2000), Why should anyone be led by you?, Harvard Business Review, September-October, pp. 63-70. Gill, R. (2001), Towards and integrated theory of leadership, paper presented at EIASM leadership conference, Oxfords. House, R.J., Wright, N.S., and Aditya, R.N (1997), Cross cultural research on organisational leadership: critical analysis and proposed theory, In P.C. Early and M.Erez (Eds.), New perspectives on international/organisational psychology; San Francisco: New Lexington Press, pp. 535 625 Higgs, M.J. and Rowland, D. (2003), Is change changing? An examination of approaches to change and its leadership, Henley Working Paper 0313, Henley Management College, Henley, available at: www: henleymc.ac.uk Hughes, L.R and Beatty, K.C (2005), Becoming a Strategic Leader, Your role in your organisations enduring success, Jossy- Bass Huczynski A.A Buchanan, D.A ( 2007), Organisational Behaviour, 6th edition, Pearson education limited. http://cordthinking.wordpress.com/2009/06/28/mcdonalds-set-the-standard-for-indian-market-entry/ [accessed on 18th Oct 2009, 18.05) http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/1530536.stm (assessed on 28th of October 2009, 19.57) http://www.anc.org.za/people/mandela.html (accessed on 27th of October 2009, 20.12) http://www.pg.com/innovatingsustainability/history/strategy-goals.shtml (accessed on 29thOctober 2009; 21.59) http://www.nytimes.com/1990/02/11/world/south-africa-s-new-era-mandela-go-free-today-de-klerk-proclaims-ending-chapter.html (accessed on 20th October 2009, 21.18) http://www.1000ventures.com/business_guide/cs_change-mgmt_ge_work-out.html (accessed on 20th October 2009, 20.12) Johnson, G., Scholes, K, and Whittington (2008), Exploring Corporate Strategy, Text and Cases, 8th Edition, Pearson education Ltd. Juran, J .M (1994), Managerial Breakthrough, A classic book on improving management performance, 2nd edition, McGraw Hill. Kipp, M. F (2005), Strategic Leadership in permanent whitewater, hand book of business Strategy, pp. 163 170 Kaplan R.S and Norton D.P (2001), The Strategy Focused Organisation, How balance scorecard companies thrive in new business environment, Harvard business school press. Lynch R (2009), Strategic Management, 5th edition, Pearson Education Limited. Liker, J.K ( 2004), The Toyota way, 14 management principles form the worlds greatest manufacturer, McGraw Hill. Limsila, K and Ogunlana, S.O (2008), Performance and leadership outcome correlates of leadership styles and subordinate commitment, vol.15, no. 2, pp.164 184. Lafley, A.G ( 2009), Business, A force for growth.. and a force for good, Speech transcript, committee for economic development, business statementship awards. http://pg.com/news/pdf/AGL_CED.pdf (accessed on 1st November 2009, 20.05) McDonald (1998), Stop Strategic Planning..and create shareholder value, Management Decision, MCB university press, pp.456 459 McGee, J., Thomas, H., Wilson, D (2005) Strategy analysis and Practice, McGraw Hill Education. Mintzberg, H. (1994), The Rise and fall of strategic Planning, free Press, New York. New York Times (1990), http://www.nytimes.com/1990/02/11/world/south-africa-s-new-era-mandela-go-free-today-de-klerk-proclaims-ending-chapter.html Nobelprize.org, http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/1979/teresa-bio.html Nolan, E., Robertson, P., Rothwell, S. (2007), Spiritual leadership: a changing management paradigm, in Singh-Sengupta, S., Fields, D. (Eds),Integrating Spirituality and Organisational Leadership, Macmillan, New Delhi Russell, R.F Stone, A.G (2002), A review of servant leadership attributes: developing a practical model, leadership and organisational development journal, 23/3, pp. 145 157. Sherman, H., Daniel, J., Rowley and Armandi, B.R (2007), Developing a strategic profile: the pre-planning phase of the strategic management, Business Strategy series, vol.8, no. 3, pp. 162 171. Schein E.H (2004) Organisational culture and leadership, 3rd edition, Jossey- Bass Strategic direction (2006), Leadership Styles at GE and Cannon, Jack Welch and Fujio Mitarais differing approaches, vol.22, no.11, pp. 15-18. Williams A., Dobson P., Walters M ( 1993), Changing Culture, New organisational approach, 2nd edition, Cromwell Press. Yukl, G. (2006), Leadership in organisations, 7th edition, Pearson education, Inc.

Legion: An Exegetical Analysis :: essays research papers

Legion: An Exegetical Analysis   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In this analysis I will be drawing from five passages found in Mark 5: 9-13, which is the story of the demonic possession by the demon which is called Legion. I will be drawing on the context of the whole passage which is Mark 5: 1-20, but my main focus and purpose of this analysis is to shed light on verses 9-13. I have referenced three different versions of these passages in different Bibles, the KJV, NIV and the NRSV, but I have found no significant difference, so the context in which I will use these references bares no large concern to the analysis, other than to show a harmony of the translations.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  While this occurrence is accounted in the other synoptic Gospels, Mark gives us the longest and most detailed account of this occurrence. This is also the longest and most detailed occurrence in the gospel of Mark. This occurrence happens in the country of the Gerasene’s, which is stated in verse one of Mark 5, which it is uncertain exactly where this location is, but the herd of swine found in verse eleven of Mark 5 indicates that this is a territory of the Gentiles. Nothing about this land is kosher; everything was unclean; spirits, tombs, swine and the territory, but Jesus still had power just as much as in the land of the Jews. Which will prove to be of significance in my analysis when I start to touch on verses 9-13. The accounts found in Matthew and Luke is more vague than the account in Mark, which is rich with detail. This could mean that Mark may have had access to an eyewitness account of the event.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In verse 5 Jesus asks for the name of the unclean spirit that has possessed the man in which he replies, â€Å"My name is Legion; for we are many.† This is characteristic of the ancient belief that knowledge of a name gave you power over your adversaries. This was also evident in verse 7 where the demon already knows who Jesus was and says his name to try and have a somewhat of an upper hand. The fact that he replied with the name Legion which is actually a number rather than a name shows that the demons were trying to get out of a situation in which they felt powerless.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This shows significance in two ways, in that Jesus had power over the demons even though he knew not their names and in the fact that this is not only one demon of Satan’s work, but a whole army.

Music is not just a sound

Music is not just a sound that we hear but it is also a language used by many people. In early times, music is divided into historical periods. Nowadays, music is considered as an effective way of communication. We can say that music serves as an instrument of expression for artist and also for people who loves music. In that sense, people relate their selves into music as an outlet for them to release their feelings or more so for them to acknowledge whatever feeling they have inside.â€Å"Music as a popular communication and entertainment art is a critical aspect of a culture (Jenkins. 2001).† Music has become one of the most popular topics to talk about not just in any TV show, radio show or even in the internet but also in any conversation among people. To this day, music is considered as an effective way of communication because it caters to different genre.Through this genre caters to different generation of the society. In its context, music is emotional because it expr esses the very feeing of the artist. Some music today is too loud but when we carefully listen and understand the very meaning of its lyrics, we will realize that it has a sense and a feeling too that one can relate.It is also an effective communication because it relates the very meaning of it to the people who listen to it. Through the lyrics, people connect themselves to the music and that’s how communication begins. Nowadays, music is used for therapeutic and healing purposes.It creates a language that helps people to understand through its melody and rhythm. From time to time, we have witnessed how music changes for different generation to generation and how it effectively used as a communication tool in different areas of life. Music is widely used on different areas such as in politics, education, and religion and to different people as well.In politics, music is effectively used as a communication tool to convince people to support a candidate. In education, music is used as a subject or simply as entertainment. In religion, music is used to communicating with the Lord and for praising. For mothers, music is used as a language for their babies and for young adults; music is the very heart and soul of their being. Indeed, music is widely use as an effective tool of communication. Truly, many of us is affected by music because  we as individual elate our self to it. Through music we get inspirations as well as learning that provide us the ability to discover our self and to also release whatever feeling we have inside.Music is indeed emotional because musician relates it to their own self. People as well relate it to themselves that it why we can say that music is an effective communication tool. â€Å"Music has been defined so much that it is really not clear anymore what it is or what can be called music (Kosk).†   Nonetheless, music has provided us different types for different people and culture. We hear music and feel it and there is an invisible line that connects us to music and keeps our spirit alive every time we hear our favorite music.   The ever changing of music from time to time makes it more exciting for music lovers to utilize their own self and relinquish such melody that comes form their heart and soul.While music is important, communication as well is very important. The two link together because music is communication and communication is music as well. We may view it differently but the question on how music is an effective communication tool because it is emotional is simply because it conveys messages and influences people in one way or another. Certainly, music entertains us and provides us the same aspirations in life. We as individual relate our self to music because we are also as emotional as the music.It is clearly present in our society today of how effective communication is as a tool. All over the world, music is also considered as a language of heart and soul to people. Through i ts effect and influence it makes, music is a language that effectively communicates to different people and culture. It is a tool that expresses one’s thought and dreams, a communication tool that provides harmony and rhythm and effectively relates its very meaning to people who listens to it. Definitely, music is part of our daily lives and as important as communication, both provides us the ability to be inspired and developed as an individual through its meaning and intention. Music is effective as a communication tool because it is simply emotional on its own and more so it is a line that speaks for its true sense and that communicates to every human being.Works CitedStewart, Cameron. â€Å"Music Theory For Effective Communication.† StatsSheet.Com Reliable Stats,Tools, and Articles. 26 November 2007 â€Å"Music Therapy.† Answers.com. 26 November 2007 Jenkins, Orville Boyd. â€Å"Music as a Language Learning Medium.† 9 June 2001. Orville JenkinsHome. 2 6 November 2007 â€Å"Using music as a therapy tool to motivate troubled adolescents.† Medscape Today. 26 November2007 Kosk, Kairi. â€Å"Some issues of non-human animal communication. Is there a difference between

Needs Assessment.

Needs Assessment. With the given situation of a new job and a new plant, the method choice for assessment would be the focus groups. As compared to the other methods, this was found most suitable for the circumstances being as it had more advantages than disadvantages for the scenario. The advantages of using this method for the company's needs assessment are: (1) The method is found useful with complex issues and with a new position and a new company, the face-to-face meeting with subject-matter experts would be necessary in constructing a needs assessment for a new training program. (2) Questions are modified to foresee and consider any unanticipated issues that may poise as a future obstacle. The assessment is based on speculating what the needs are going to be and not what they already are. And with the listed disadvantages, two are automatically disregarded on the basis that this organization is a new one and group members attending are also new and this makes the focus meeting a non-threatening one.The new construction of the team dissolves the possibility of being misinformed on job performances, and team members are more willing to contribute sincere information. For a decent assessment the consumption of time or the utilization of a skilled specialist are essential.Upper-Level Management in the Needs Assessment.The second part of the needs assessment analysis, 'who' the training exists for, was traditionally left up to the trainer to decide. But with the changes in the marketplace, a competitive advantage required more from the training process than just the basic skills development. Incorporating upper-management into the assessment process ensures a broader perspective and lines up the training and development goals with that of the company. When evaluating for a needs assessment, the management levels seek the answers for different inquires. The subordinate...

Cooperation versus Competition Approach in Learning and Evaluation of Student Achievement

Cooperation versus Competition Approach in Learning and Evaluation of Student Achievement Introduction Within the last few decades, the general nature of strategies used in learning and evaluation of students’ progress in American schools has dramatically changed to coincide with changing educational needs and rapid advances in technology.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Cooperation versus Competition Approach in Learning and Evaluation of Student Achievement specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Consecutive studies have revealed that performance of students in educational tasks is affected by a multiplicity of influences that includes the social economic status, language barriers, school experiences, ethnic orientation and learning styles. To date, the established explanatory models of educational performance have remained centered on internal characteristics to explain academic achievement, including unconstructive self concept, unproductive cultural attitudes and values towards education, bi lingualism, low intelligence capacity, and apathy (Madrid et al, 2007, p. 155). However, many educators are of the opinion that these explanations are not supported by available literature. In this respective, a significant debate interested in looking at how students can be assisted to achieve more optimally in class has been in the offing. It is the purpose of this paper to detail and compare cooperation and competition approaches in relation to learning and evaluation of student achievement. Competition, Cooperation and Human Nature Many of the challenges that plague education in the 21st century can be better comprehended when viewed within the context of competition-corporation framework. Before getting into educational matters, it is imperative to note how the two concepts influence human nature. It is indeed true that many of the greatest accomplishments made by Americans as a society can only be credited to their strong and passionate competitiveness. This view can greatly b e supported by the US enterprise system that instills competitive views into the human nature. According to Astin (2000), â€Å"individuals [should be] given the maximum opportunity to compete with each other for the largest possible share of resources and rewards in society† (p. 182). In cooperation, human progress is viewed as a manifestation of our capacity to cooperate with each other towards the realization of some common objectives. This view holds that achievement in every faculty of life must never be perceived as a conquest in the struggle with other individuals or as a triumph of the environment (Astin, 2000, p. 183). Within cooperation activities, people work together to achieve shared outcomes that are beneficial to themselves as well as other group members (â€Å"Cooperative Learning,† n.d., para. 1).Advertising Looking for research paper on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Brief Overview of Cooperation and Competition Learning Educators and policy makers have used the concepts of cooperation and competition to understand the learning process and evaluate students’ progress or achievement. Cooperative learning is the instructional utilization of group dynamics in the learning process, which enable the learners to work together in the effort of enhancing their own benefits as well as that of other students within the group (â€Å"Cooperative Learning,† n.d., para. 1). In cooperative learning, students are organized into small groups after getting the learning materials and instructions from the teacher. Learners are then supposed to work on the given task until they comprehend it as a group, not as individuals. This concept reinforces the view that success in the learning process or achievement of students must never be perceived as a conquest in the struggle with other students. Rather, students must work hard to achieve mutual benefit by helpi ng each other in the group and learning from each other’s efforts. In other words, success must be seen to benefit all students within the group since they share a common objective, â€Å"knowing that one’s performance is mutually caused by oneself and one’s colleagues† (â€Å"Cooperative Learning,† n.d., para. 1). Competition learning exists when one learner is able to achieve his or her own objective while all the other students fail in their attempts to realize that objective (Gurien, Henley Trueman, 2001, p. 192). Competition learning can either be interpersonal or inter-group. The practice of competition learning is based on the philosophy that students must compete in a class setting for them to be competitive and be able to comprehend their learning objectives. Competition learning is a rather conservative approach towards education that seems to suggest that a student can be assisted to achieve optimally in learning through engaging in act ive competition with other students. For decades now, conservatives have been in the forefront in stressing the significance of competition among students, schools, administrative districts and states to bring out the maximum achievable performance among learners in school (Ediger, 2000, p. 1). The school voucher system and charter schools in the US are good reference points of how competition continues to be used in our educational system to ignite student performance. Competition Cooperation in Learning and Evaluation of Student Achievement Educators believe that both cooperation and competition learning can be used in tandem to achieve high performance though they seem to conflict each other. According to Gurian, Henley Trueman (2001), â€Å"brain-based research indicates that the ultimate classroom be based on both† (p. 192).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Cooperation versus Competition Approach in Learning and Evaluation of Student A chievement specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More However, the function of this research paper is to detail and compare the concepts with the view of coming up with the best concept that can be used in learning and evaluation of student progress. Consecutive studies have revealed that cooperation learning achieves greater success than competition learning. The capacity of students to learn and comprehend the instructions passed to them by teachers is fundamentally important. In the same vein, evaluation activities direct the progress made by students towards the realization of objectives outlined by their respective teachers. Therefore, the capacity to learn and evaluation are indispensable facets of instruction at all levels. Evaluation is specifically important since it offers the mechanisms whereby the quality of classroom tasks and activities can be continually maintained and improved (Kolawole, 2008, p. 33). It is also used to establish the l evel of understanding of the tasks taught. Evaluating the performance of students is the cardinal duty of teachers. In most occasions, learning and evaluation processes are time-consuming, cumbersome and requires a highly technical expertise and proficiency on the part of teachers. Despite their enormity, these are indispensable tasks that form the core of any instructional activity. Teachers generally use several techniques to influence successful teaching and learning processes. Despite its many limitations, most educational systems globally are based upon competition among learners for marks, recognition, educational scholarships and admittance to high performing schools (Kolawole, 2008, p. 33). Consecutive studies reveal that many societies and educational frameworks around the world still favor competition over cooperation. In this type of learning approach, students are overly concerned with their individual achievements and their place in the grade curve. The emphasis is put on achieving higher grades than everyone else. Essentially, competition thrives in a win-lose relationship where high-performing learners reap all the benefits and recognition upon evaluation while low-achieving learners reap none. Traditionally, this was thought to be the best form of instruction strategy. In many educational systems, competition learning has been viewed as a stimulant to the growing brain (Gurien, Henley Trueman, 2001, p. 193).Advertising Looking for research paper on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Proponents of competition learning argue that this strategy enables students to notice achievement through comparing their performance. This assertion validates the existence of the grading system that is immediately done after evaluating the students (Ediger, 2000, p. 12). It suggests that a student who receives the last grade may notice his failures and pull up his socks. Proponents of competition learning also argue that it encourages teachers to work harder to reduce the gap in student achievement among diverse ethnic backgrounds and socioeconomic levels, not mentioning the fact that this strategy is instrumental in raising the test scores of students (Ediger, 2000, p. 12). Here, competition is perceived as a motivating factor towards optimal achievement in the learning process. Advocates of this strategy assume that statewide testing and evaluation as well as local and international comparisons among schools and countries need to be made. Typical teaching paradigms comprise of individual students learning effort, differentiated by competitive evaluation to appraise student achievement and develop an evaluation hierarchy based on individual grades (Kolawole, 2007, p. 34). Voices of criticism regarding the strategy have been heard from many quarters. Educators are concerned that this strategy fails all the other students in evaluation since there is only one winner. In many countries around the world, this strategy has been related to frequent student strikes as it is directly correlated to high anxiety levels and self-doubt especially when the students are sitting for their examinations (Astin, 2000, p. 184). It is also related to selfishness and aggression among the students. Educational psychologists argue that the technique hinders the student’s capacity to solve problems not mentioning the fact that it promotes cheating. In the light of these disapprovals, it should be the prerogative of teachers to identify the types of competitive activities t hat are more likely to bring positive outcomes. Accordingly, competitive learning is most suitable when learners need to assess learned material. In cooperative learning, there exists a positive interdependence between the learning procedure and the overall attainments of goals and objectives set by both the students and teachers. The basic philosophy is that â€Å"students†¦can reach their learning goals if and only if the other students in the learning group also reach their goals† (â€Å"Cooperative Learning,† n.d., para. 1). The success of any particular project that may be used for learning or evaluation purposes is dependent on both individual contribution and the efforts of other students within the group to contribute the required knowledge, expertise and resources. Consequently, cooperation is viewed as a strategy of learning in which learners of diverse levels of ability and knowledge works jointly in small groups to achieve a specific purpose (Kolawole, 2007, p. 34). Cooperative learning involves utilizing a multiplicity of learning activities to progress the students understanding of a particular subject. Here, learners in a group cooperate with each other, share opinions and information, search for additional information, and present their findings to the entire class (Kolawole, 2007, p. 34). Cooperative learning places special emphasis on the fundamental objective of learning rather than performing to achieve the set goals. In this perspective, the technique encourages instructors to utilize alternative evaluation procedures, further curtailing the emphasis on competitive evaluations. Cooperation learning is fundamentally different from competition learning in that the latter demands students to work against each other for purposes of accomplishing an objective that only one or a few students can attain (â€Å"Cooperative Learning,† n.d., para. 2). The cooperation concept has many advantages in relation to learning and e valuation of student performance. Educators argue that this technique helps to enhance student accomplishment and retention, not mentioning the fact that it increases self-esteem and intrinsically motivate the students to develop a more positive outlook towards learning and social skills (Kolawole, 2007, p. 34). These are important achievements in the quest of transforming students to become better performers in educational and social fronts. In competition learning, there exists a negative correlation among goal accomplishments since students are made to believe that they can only achieve their objectives if and only if other students fail in the quest to achieve their objectives (â€Å"Cooperative Learning,† para. 2). This is not good for the education system as it reinforces norm-referenced and criterion-referenced assessment in the achievement of goals. In competition learning, students must either work extremely hard to claim the top positions or fail to put in the neede d efforts due to their own perception that they cannot be victorious over their counterparts. Cooperation learning is therefore superior since it brings all students along in the learning experience. In cooperation learning, the instructors have the capacity to notice within the ongoing classroom activities what the students have learned and what needs to be learned. This is successfully done without the use of standardized evaluation tests or the above mentioned criterion-referenced tests (Ediger, 2000, p. 12). Still, cooperation learning has the capacity to assist students contextually and chronologically in ongoing study lessons without necessarily having to rely on standardized evaluation tests as is the case with competition learning. It goes against the grain of focusing on self-interest and individual success that are the trademark characteristics of competition learning. What’s more, cooperation technique offers teachers the capacity to work together cooperatively in the quest to develop quality set of goals for students to accomplish. Some disadvantages have been mentioned regarding cooperation learning. Educators have stressed the need for students to be allowed to learn at their own individual speeds. Some students are also known to take over the whole group at the expense of other students, while quiet students within the group may feel uncomfortable (Middlecamp, 1997). This means that learning activities may be compromised or biased towards certain students if precautionary measures are not taken. Group dynamics suggest that individuals may not get along in a number of issues. This applies to the learning groups. Finally, some students feel that this technique lacks fairness as lazy students may take advantage of the hardworking students Conclusion According to Astin (2000),†human kind would certainly never have attained its place on the evolutionary ladder if it had not evolved through corporative as well as competitive learning† (p. 192). This statement shows the importance of both techniques in learning and evaluation of student achievement. However, educational needs as well as socio-cultural and technological changes witnessed in the modern world demands specific adjustments in our educational systems if they are to remain relevant in the 21st century. The traditional model of competition learning may have served the needs of the education systems resoundingly well during the formative years. But presently, corporation learning seems to have ready answers to a multiplicity of issues and challenges facing the education system. Educators need to filter the good outputs of competition learning and mix them with the good outputs of cooperation learning to come up with a hybrid system that will ensure the needs and requirements of education are met in the most comprehensive manner possible. Reference List Astin, A.W. (2000). Competition or corporation? Teaching teamwork as a basic skill. In: D. Dezurre (Ed s), Learning from change: Landmarks in teaching and learning in  higher education. Routledge. ISBN: 9780749433963 Cooperative Learning. (n.d.). Retrieved from co-operation.org/ Ediger, M. (2000). Competition versus corporation and pupil achievement. College  Student Journal, Vol. 34, Issue 1. Gurien, M., Henley, P., Trueman, T. (2001). Boys and girls learn differently: A guide  for teachers and parents. John Wiley and Sons. ISBN: 9780787953430 Kolawole, E.B. (2007). Effects of competitive and cooperation learning strategies on academic performance of Nigerian students in mathematics. Educational Research and Review, Vol. 2, Issue 1, pp. 33-37. Web. Madrid, L.D., Canas, M., Orteha-Medina, M. (2007). Effects of team competition versus team corporation in class wide peer tutoring. Journal of Educational Research, Vol. 100, Issue 3, pp 155-160. Middlecamp, C. (1997). Students speak out on collaborative learning. Retrieved from https://wcer.wisc.edu/